Freedom Is A Basic Human Right - 1079 Words

Freedom is a basic human right, but nevertheless it is obvious, that not everybody is in the position to make use of it because it has been disregarded and trampled on throughout the ages. Freedom is also the circumstance of being internal control. A major conflict that comes in when the freedom appears is when non white people are being discriminated or self discriminated. Throughout time mankind had to fight for freedom, because there were always human beings who considered this basic right to be reserved for themselves and a few other like-minded individuals. I don’t espect for everyone to agree with me base on my difinition. There’s many different types of freedom, Freedom of the press, Freedom of the assembly, Freedom of expression, Freedom of speech, Freedom religion, and many more. Being from a different country that wasn’t similar to the United State has seem to really own up my eyes a lot. Living here in America if I had count how many times I had hear the phrase â€Å" America is a free country† â€Å" America is the country of brotherly love† America is this, America is that . American Is not what it had seem to made itself look like or sound like. There’s no freedom in America, well there was but not anymore. Here are some reason why America had lost their freedom. 1. We no longer have the right to personal time. â€Å"The US is one of the few developed nations that doesn’t require employers to offer paid vacation time to their employees.† Many employees are unableShow MoreRelatedFree Essay : Right For Religion1306 Words   |  6 PagesRight for Religion in Three Differing Societies Humans are known to be intelligent creatures that have the intellectual power to create anything, but they can never form a general consensus of what rights a human can receive. Of course this is the case because Earth harbors three absolutely different societies that divide our ideals and opinions on vast topics.In regards to this is the freedom to create or express one’s religion, otherwise known as the freedom of religion, is no exception. The threeRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesDeclaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Univ ersal Declaration and are fully dedicated to upholding the rights of the citizensRead MoreWhat Is Human Rights?1289 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Human rights? Human rights are the moral philosophy or norms that illustrate certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly confined as legal rights in national and international law. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, colour, sex ,place of residence, national or ethnic origin, religion, language, or any other status. It is our right to know about human rights without discrimination. These rights has significances of interrelated, interdependentRead MoreDuality As Vitality : Israel s Democratic And Jewish Identity1480 Words   |  6 Pagesa democracy and also a Jewish state. A democracy is a state which respects the inalienable rights, such as freedom of expression and suffrage, and intrinsic dignity of every human being. A Jewish state is a state with a core Jewish cultural and national identity, which respects equality of religion for all and is not theocratic. The foundational documents, the Declaration of Independence and Israel’s B asic Laws, are unambiguous and unrelenting on the centrality of these two traits, and without themRead MoreHuman Rights Of A Country s Civil Society1579 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Rights A human right is defined as, a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person. They are often held to include the right to life, liberty, equality, and a fair trial, freedom from slavery and torture, and freedom of thought and expression. The Chinese government often denies any abuses of human rights, but many countries and international organizations argue otherwise. Many point out repeated abuses in areas such as†¦.. Civil Society Civil society can be defined as theRead MoreEssay about Universal Declaration of Human Rights1673 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral from 1961 to 1971 spoke on the Declaration of Human Rights: This great and inspiring instrument was born of an increased sense of responsibility by the international community for the promotion and protection of man’s basic rights and freedoms. The world has come to a clear realization of the fact that freedom, justice and world peace can only be assured through the international promotion and protection of these rights and freedoms. The prescient quotation above is a succinct summationRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Rights1495 Words   |  6 PagesHuman rights are a basic right for every living person on Earth. Regardless of differences, every person has the right to basic needs in order to sustain their life. A current issue in Florida involves a law, HB 401, which will be active in July of this year that affects members of the LGBT community as well as those who wish to practice exercising their religious freedoms. Choosing to live life with morals and values that are highly ethical might differ from person to person. One group should notRead MoreThe Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Declaration of Independence declares that human beings have certain unalienable rights, â€Å"that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Through slavery, these rights were systematically denied to a select class of people. George Santayana (1905) commented that, â€Å"th ose who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.† Although abortion is legal in this country, the debate on whether it should be or not is far from settled. In November of 2014, Colorado Amendment 67 (TheRead MoreAustralia s Present Laws Regulating Human Rights1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn Australia, present laws regulating human rights are protected in unlike most similar liberal democracies; Australia has no Bill of Rights to protect human rights in a single document. Rather rights may be found across the Constitution, common law and legislation – Acts passed by the Commonwealth Parliament or State or Territory Parliaments. This allows legislatures and judiciaries a complementary role in protecting rights. This is the most fluid and flexible system but the least secure in termsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ambiguity, By De Beauvoir1283 Words   |  6 PagesAll human beings deserve equally, the opportunity to participate in the direction of their life. This basic right is characteristic of what it means to be human. The essence of humanity is our freedom to make choices. This is more eloquently described in by De Beauvoir in her work The Ethics of Ambiguity, in which she explains that taking this right away from someone is oppressive and inhumane. One of the greatest examples of this immoral actions is the slavery that happened in the United States

How Slavery Can Affect The Mother s Mind And Threaten...

When one thinks about or describes slavery, it is common for it to be consider as harsh, spiteful, a harmful institution, and a treacherous act that dehumanizes African-Americans. Whenever there are tragic stories to learn more about this type of institution and see what slaves really went through during the Antebellum Era, people mostly find it shown from African-American men with their experiences with slavery. For example, Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave, Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Django in Django Unchained, Kunta Kinte in Roots: The Saga of an American Family, and the story of Nat Turner in his courageous Slave Rebellion. These men slaves are known among the media and literature for generations, but what about the women ï ¬ gures in slavery, nevertheless, the mothers whose children are also the property of others? Considering the description of servitude, it is interesting to see how the severe elements of slavery can potentially affect the mother’s mind and threaten motherhood. This is seen and heavily stressed through Toni Morrison’s Gothic Fiction Beloved— an historical novel based on pregnant runaway slave, Margaret Garner — which is a slave narrative that follows the lives of the main characters: Sethe, a former and runaway slave from a plantation called Sweet Home, Denver, her daughter, together with Paul D, a wanderer who is Sethe’s love interest and a former slave from Sweet Home. An important event in this slave narrative that the readerShow MoreRelatedBeloved: Analysis7215 Words   |  29 Pageswith the haunting legacy of slavery, in the form of her threatening memories and also in the form of her daughter s aggressive ghost. For Sethe, the present is mostly a struggle to beat back the past, because the memories of her daughter s death and the experiences at Sweet Home are too painful for her to recall consciously. But Sethe s repression is problematic, because the absence of history and memory inhibits the construction of a stable identity. Even Sethe s hard-won freedom is threatenedRead MoreEssay on The Representation of the Body in Blade Runner2251 Words   |  10 Pagestake on the human characteristics of looking and breathing, this more basic human-like machine represents very fundamentally how the machine can begin to represent the human, and the human can begin to represent the machine, thus beginning to introduce Philip K. Dicks (the author of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? upon which the film is based) views on how as humans we can sometimes function very mechanically, and the dangers of doing so; If you pick up your instructions that morning whenRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages(the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time,

Alexander the Great Essay 9 Free Essays

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was a king and conqueror. He is commonly referred to as â€Å"the most powerful leader of all time. † What is it that makes him such a powerful leader? What has he accomplished that has made him so significant? Were his accomplishments positive or negative? These are all questions that when combined as one create a debate that has been going on for decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander the Great Essay 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are those who admire Alexander’s military achievements and ability to carve out the largest empire the world has seen. Then there are those who perceive him as a selfish, cruel madman with drinking problems. This paper will outline the different sides taken on Alexander and the question as to what his significance/influence was and whether it was good or bad. Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II, king of Macedonia. Phillip had always done much to prepare him for a military and political future (Lewis 48). Alexander served as a regent for his father at the young age of 16 for the start of his military career. After the assassination of his father he obtained the throne in 336 B. C. E. and leader of the League of Corinth. In 335 B. C. E he crushed Macedonia’s borders and destroyed the city of Thebes. This caused Athens to join the league with no fight. 334 B. C. E. was the year of his first great victory, which opened Asia Minor to conquest. He then, in 333, met the Persian King for the first time and caused him to flee by charging even though Alexander was outnumbered. This was the beginning of the end for Persia. Alexander went on and in his 13 year reign was conquering the Mediterranean, forming new cities, and producing an empire touching on 3 continents and encompassing 2 million sq miles (O’Brien 44). Such work is something one should be proud of and many agree that conquering all of Persia in such a short amount of time is Alexander the Greats biggest accomplishment. Balcer obviously agrees with that stating that Alexander succeeded in forming the largest western empire of the ancient world and removing Persian intervention in Greek affairs (Balcer 121-122). Sacks obviously agrees as well saying that his â€Å"principal achievement was the conquest of the empire of Persia,†(14). The perspective of many scholars is that Alexander really was â€Å"the greatest leader† and through the conquering he undertook he achieved many great things. This is the side of the debate in which scholars find Alexander’s significance to be a positive thing. It is argued he was a â€Å"military genius with iron will and boundless ambition,† (O’Brien 45). Scholar Edmund Burke clearly supports this idea in saying that in his accession to the Macedonian throne his foundation of Alexandria, conquest of the Persian Empire and his strategic and tactical genius makes him a â€Å"legend† (Burke 67). He was not the only scholar to refer to him as a legend for a professor at Boise State notes that Alexander exhibited tremendous bravery, didn’t let a wound stop him, never lost a battle, had those around him believe he was invincible, and knew and loved his men. Combining all these factors created an army that could not be stopped and its accomplishments outdid anything that had been seen yet. Alexander and his troops had become a â€Å"legend,† (Knox). Alexander had also been seen as the reason for successfully spreading Greek culture that still exists today. Oriental and Greek cultures blended and flourished as a result of the Empire, making Greek culture his true legacy (Balcer 124). The Hellenistic Era took place right after Alexander’s death and he is said to be the one who ushered this fascinating era. (O’Brien 46). The scholars are right, Alexander truly is a legend for he was the finest battlefield commander of the ancient world and remade the map of the ancient world (Sacks 14). Not just anyone can achieve such success, there seems to be something extraordinary about this man. Yet, not everyone agrees that he was so extraordinary. Yes, he did carve out the largest empire and at an amazingly rapid pace but his aims and ambitions were different than spreading Hellenism throughout the western Mediterranean and near the east. He was a self-confident man who only wanted to conquer for self-pleasure. Alexander is the reason that corruption and peculation were treated with casualness during this time. His pleasure was when his peoples were loyal to him and that was all that was necessary for his approval. It was because of him that Macedonia lost its manpower through the strenuous battles he continuously fought. He left it as a weakened kingdom. His empire is given so much credit but it was only based on rapid military conquest and died right after his death (Stoneman 92-94). It is believed that Alexander conquered to rule, not to blend cultures. Heavy drinking led to disastrous incidents and hastened his death. An example of such a disaster was the burning down of Persepolis in a drunken revel. This is not an attribute of a good leader. He also lacked long-range planning and neglected his kingdoms future by exhausting himself in warfare while he delayed fathering a royal successor. His selfishness is proved by his act of casually killing any threats to the throne at the beginning of his reign (Sacks 15). Those who see Alexander in a negative manner obviously have quite strong opinions about it. They see him as more of a madman than the most powerful leader. It is easy to see where they get their assumptions from for they look at the bloodshed part of Alexander’s reign. Instead of focusing on the rare ability he had to conquer so successfully the use the old journals and other texts used to learn about Alexander and don’t see past the drunken stories and jump to the negative side of his actions to make them cruel. Those who make assumptions about him being the greatest military leader of all time look at the historical records we have of them and analyze his tactics realizing they really are extraordinary. No other person has conquered so much, so fast and left such a legacy. I agree with those who see him as a significantly positive influence so its easier to see where they are coming from. I look at the whole picture; his achievements were unlike anyone else’s in history and as a King he was only trying to do the better for his country. He deserves the credit he has received for spreading Greek culture; there is no other way it would have happened. Scholar Burke put it perfectly when in his article he states, â€Å"when mention is made of a man of action and genius, there is perhaps no one of the ancients who so quickly comes to mind as Alexander the Great† (Burke 67). How to cite Alexander the Great Essay 9, Essays

Green Eggs and Ham free essay sample

Green Eggs and Ham is a children’s picture book †¢Its is about a character called â€Å"Sam I Am† †¢His goal is to try and get his grouchy roommate to try green eggs and ham in various locations, (like a boat or a house), with an assortment of dining partners (like a goat or a mouse). †¢At the end, the roommate gives in to his Sam’s constant nagging and tries a bite of the Green Eggs and Ham, where he discovers that he actually likes Green Eggs and Ham. Banned – Early Marxism: Green Eggs and Ham was banned between 1965 and 1991 in the People’s Republic of China because of a portrayal of â€Å"early Marxism†. The ban was only uplifted because of Seuss’ death †¢Marxism is the political and economical theories of Karl Marx, which later developed into the basis for communism †¢Karl Marx disliked capitalism, because it is a system in which everybody buys and sells to try and end up with as much money as they can. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Eggs and Ham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This ends up with people who have a lot of money who own the factories, and with poorer people who only have a little money and work in the factories. The general idea of Marxism is to have the people working in the factories, owning the factories. China thought the government should own and control everything, which goes against Marx’s ideas of the workers owning the factories. †¢In Green Eggs and Ham, Sam â€Å"owns† his own eggs, and is almost selling his product to his friend. Sam is showing his independency and giving his friend â€Å"wealth† in the form of extra food. Banned – Homosexual Innuendos: †¢It was also banned in a school in California for having homosexual seduction. In the novel, Sam tries to convince his friend to â€Å"eat† the green eggs and ham †¢The ham represents a phallic sausage Several of the lines, such as â€Å"Would you, could you, on a boat† and â€Å"Would you, could you, with a goat† is said to be proposing sexual locations. Dr. Seuss: †¢Dr. Seuss was a very politically aware author, and tried to put in many lessons in his books. †¢Examples of this include being environmentally aware in â€Å"The Lorax†, racism in â€Å"Yertle the Turtle† and the dangers of holiday-inspired consumerism in â€Å"The Grinch Who Stole Christmas†

B. Ed. (IInd Year) free essay sample

ES-362: Computers in Education Assignment 1 Answer the following questions in about 500 words each: i) Explain the criteria you would adopt to select a software for teaching with the help of a suitable example. (500 words) ii) Discuss the role of computers in financial accounting in the schools. (500 words) iii) Select a topic of your choice from your teaching subject. Divide the contents in the form of frames and arrange then in the sequential manner. (500 words) ES-363: Guidance and Counselling Assignment 1 Answer the following questions a) Discuss the use of aptitude and achievement tests in classroom teaching. Give examples. (250 words) b) Discuss the role of teachers in the career planning of their students. c) (250 words) Discuss the concept of inclusive education. You have a learner with disability in your classroom. Write a report on the instructional strategies you would adopt and the teachinglearning materials and environment you would create for making your classroom processes inclusive. We will write a custom essay sample on B. Ed. (IInd Year) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (1000 words) 3 ES-364: Distance Education Assignment 1 Answer the following questions in about 1500 words: i) Describe different models of distance education institutions with emphasis on their relative advantages and disadvantages. (500 words) ii) Discuss the interrelationship between the characteristics of distance learners and those of distance education system. (500 words) iii) The use of media in distance education institutions has led to the evolutionary thinking on the development of distance education. Explain the statement in the context of different generations of distance education? (500 words) Assignments B. Ed (IInd Year) Assignments for two special compulsory courses BESE-065: HIV AND AIDS EDUCATION Assignment 1 Answer the following questions i) Explain briefly the profile of HIV and AIDS. (500 words) ii) Elaborate misconceptions of HIV, AID and STDs? (500 words) iii) Elaborate your role in a school for preventing Drug addiction and HIV. (500 words) BESE-066: ADOLESCENCE AND FAMILY EDUCATION Assignment 1 Answer the following questions i) Briefly explain the Personnel and Socio-cultural concerns of adolescents. (500 words) ii) Elaborate briefly the merits and drawbacks of Joint and Nuclear family. (500 words) iii) As a teacher, what role do you visualise as an individual in Family life education Elaborate with Illustrations. 4

What is the Story of Rumpelstiltskin Essay Example

What is the Story of Rumpelstiltskin Essay Example What is the Story of Rumpelstiltskin Paper What is the Story of Rumpelstiltskin Paper Good afternoon, my name is Reinstitution. Get settled down, cause Im about to tell you the story of the time someone finally guessed my name. I was Just walking around the village when I heard terrible sobbing. So I go over there and see whats up. I look through the window and see this girl crying In a room full of straw with a spinning wheel. I ask her whats wrong and she explains to me that her father told the king that she could turn straw into gold. I told her I could do it, but I would need omitting in return. So she hands me her necklace and I start doing my magic. I work all night to get that room full of straw spun. Im walking again and I hear more crying. Youll never guess who was crying. Navys, she offers me a ring to spin a room full of straw that was even larger than the last one. So I do it without complaining because I know shell run out of stuff to pay me with eventually. Im walking around again and, big surprise, guess whos crying. I go into the room and sky her what shell pay me. She says she had nothing else, so I tell her that I need her firstborn child. She agrees and Im off to work again. All night again! How am I supposed to get any sleep? A year passes and the girl ends up getting pregnant. So when the baby Is born I walk Into the room and demand It. Never complained about the previous work because I knew the baby would be mine. She offered me all of the riches In the kingdom, but I wanted the baby. But I had pity for her, so I gave her 3 says to guess my name so she could keep her baby, but I doubt she would have guessed it. My only mistake was the night before her last try. I started dancing around and was shouting my name and I guess that one of her spies was nearby. The spy reported back to the queen and she acted stupid at first, but then she shot me down and guessed my name. I got pretty angry. I stomped my foot and it got stuck in the ground. And then I tried to tear it out of the ground and ended up ripping myself in two. So I changed my name to Bad luck Brian after that.

Landforms Assignment ( The himalayas) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Landforms ( The himalayas) - Assignment Example Mountain fronts of Himalayas as corollary related to orogen-scale structures. The conspicuous three primary structures of Himalayas ranging from north-south include main boundary thrust (MBT), main central thrust (MCT), and Himalayan frontal thrust (HFT). The major topographic breaks of Himalayas remain in association with the three thrusts. Himalaya’s structure has six primary lithotectonic zones, which occur in parallel belts. The regions include trans-Himalayan batholiths, Tibetan Himalaya, Indus-Tsangpo Suture zone, Lesser Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Sub-Himalaya, and Greater Himalaya. The tectonic environments within Himalaya zones also vary. Immense collision of tectonic plates resulted into the formation of island-arc margin in Western Himalayas and Andean-type margin within the central eastern part of Himalayas. Trans-Himalayan zone has a linear plutonic complex structure. Trans Himalaya zone have its surface partly covered by continental molasse sedimentary rocks and forearc rocks. Trans Himalaya assembly of rocks originates from magmatic rocks uplift and their subsequent erosion. Igneous complex of the area consists of granites, gabbros, and diorites. The magmatic rocks originate from partial melting of subducting NeoTethyan slab underneath Asian plate. However, the igneous rocks, on the contrary, represents Andean-type environment. ITZS defines the region of collision between Kohistan-Ladakh arc and Indian plate in Tibetan Lhasa block in the east and Western Himalayas. ITZS also demarcates the area along which subduction process consumed Tethys Ocean. ITZS covers more than 2000 km in length with complete successions of rocks that may consist of diamonds that explain the higher pressures during subduction and rapid extrusion along suture zones. There are also traces of glaucophane schists along the narrow belts along ITSZ in Pakistan. Tethys Ocean also consists of red sandstones and

Establishing a New Business Venture in a Foreign Country Essay

Establishing a New Business Venture in a Foreign Country - Essay Example Social, economic as well as legal forces obtaining in developed countries often impact on foreign companies especially from emerging markets that need to establish their businesses in developed countries. As such, this paper seeks to critically analyse the factors that may affect companies from emerging markets in their quest to establish business in developed countries. The paper will also outline some of the measures that can be implemented by the managers in order to overcome these challenges. The main challenge that is likely to be faced by a company from an emerging market when it seeks to establish business in a developed country is related to cultural differences that may affect its ability to effectively manage the people in the host country. According to Ivancervich, Konopaske & Matteson (2011), society is composed of people with their own culture and these people share the same beliefs, norms, values, religion, language education as well as legal systems. Culture is a learn ed dispensation since it does not simply appear from nowhere. A nation’s culture affects how organizational transactions are conducted such as hiring practices, marketing, reward programs as well as supervisor-employee interaction (Ivancervich, Konopaske & Matteson, 2011).... differs and these include the following: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity (Ivancervich, Konopaske & Matteson, 2011). Power distance relates to the level of acceptance by society of unequal power distribution in an organization. For instance, emerging countries like Malaysia have high power distance where authority is centralised (Ivancervich, Konopaske & Matteson, 2011). On the other hand, the concept of uncertainty avoidance relates to the situation where people feel threatened by unambiguous situations. For instance, emerging countries have high uncertainty avoidance and they follow a specific set of rules while countries like Britain have lower levels of uncertainty avoidance where risk taking is common (Ivancervich, Konopaske & Matteson, 2011). On the other hand, it can be seen that countries like the US have high individualism where people believe in hard work and individual prosperity while emerging countries believe in socialist ideologies w hich state that they must share what they have. Masculinity is another cultural dimension that is practised in other countries like Austria. As illustrated above, it can be seen that a new company from an emerging market can find it difficult to establish business in a developed country by virtue of culture differences. If a new company has its own cultural values that are not compatible with the host nation, then it can face an uphill task in as far as its quest to operate effectively in the host country is concerned. It is important for a foreign company penetrating a developed market to make sure that they understand the culture of the people in the host country. Failure to do so may negatively impact on its operations since it may be difficult for the managers to manage people in the

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Sociology - Essay Example This theory gave birth to the ever so famous ‘American Time’. Children are rewarded for following schedules, directions, meeting deadline and obeying the authority. (Daniels, Lauder & Porter, 2009, p 89) These core values have been considered as the latent or hidden roles of education that reflect the characteristics that sustain the political and economic systems the fuel stimulated education. Conflict theory has the same view on the functions of education as functional theory. It also agrees with the other theory that educational system practices categorization, although it disagrees with how categorization is ratified. This theory sees education as a tool in preserving social inequality and maintaining the power of those who are at the top of the social ladder. Conflict theorists’ view on the education system is it perpetuates the upper classes by making the lower classes as good followers. As property taxes fund most schools, better schools can be found in aff luent districts. Students who go to these schools are mainly white and can afford to pay higher tuition than those from underprivileged districts. (Daniels, Lauder & Porter, 2009, p 116) This perpetuating cycle of socio-demographic variable – the wealthy remains wealthy and the poor stays poor – is what conflict theorists believe in. Reference Daniels, H., Lauder, H., & Porter, J.

Enver Pasha and the Britain

Enver Pasha and the Britain Ä °smail Ä °lker Yà ¼rà ¼yen Ismail Enver was born in near Constantinople, Istanbul, on 23 November 1881 to a working-class family from Monastir, todays Macedonia. His father, Ahmed, was a Turk, who rose from being a porter to a railway official and acquired the honorable title Bey. Envers mother, Aisha, was an Albanian from the Monastir region. He was an Ottoman general and commander in chief, a hero of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, and a leading member of the Ottoman government from 1913 to 1918. He became the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 and in World War I in 1914-18. In the course of his career, he was known by increasingly elevated titles as he rose through military ranks, including Enver Efendi, Enver Bey, and finally Enver Pasha. By January 13, 1914, Enver had made himself Minister of War and played a key role in the Ottoman entry into World War I on the side of Germany. He influenced his associates into an alliance with Germany signed secretly on August 2. Subsequently, he approved the German bombardment of Odessa and Sevastopol, which precipitated the Ottoman Empires entry into World War I. An organizer of the Young Turk Revolution, Enver joined General Mahmud Ã…Å ¾evket, under whose command an Army of Deliverance advanced to Constantinople to depose the Ottoman sultan Abdà ¼lhamid II. In 1911, when warfare broke out between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, he organized the Ottoman resistance in Libya, and in 1912 he was appointed the governor of Benghazi. Back in Constantinople, he participated in the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress, leading the coup dà ©tat of January 23, 1913, which restored his party to power. In the Second Balkan War of 1913, Enver was chief of the general staff of the Ottoman army. On July 22, 1913, he recaptured Edirne from the Bulgars; and until 1918, the empire was dominated by the triumvirate of Enver, Talat PaÃ…Å ¸a, and Cemal PaÃ…Å ¸a. In 1914, Enver, as minister of war, was instrumental in the signing of a defensive alliance with Germany against Russia. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914, Enver cooperated closely with German officers serving in the Ottoman army. His military plans included Pan-Turkic, or Pan-Turanian, schemes for uniting the Turkic people of Russian Central Asia with the Ottoman Turks. These plans resulted in the disastrous defeat in December 1914 at SarÄ ±kamÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸, where he lost most of the 3rd Army. However, he recovered his prestige when the Allied forces withdrew from the Dardanelles in 1915-16. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russias withdrawal from the war, he occupied Bakà ¼. After the Armistice in Europe, Enver fled to Germany on November 1918. In Berlin, he met the Bolshevik leader Karl Radek, and in 1920 he went to Moscow. He proposed the idea of overthrowing the regime of Mustafa Kemal in Turkey with Soviet aid, but this plan received no support from Moscow. Though the Russian leaders became suspicious of him, Enver was nevertheless allowed to go to Turkistan with a plan for helping to organize the Central Asian republics. Yet, in 1921, the revolt of the Basmachi in Bukhara against the Soviet regime flared up, and Enver joined the insurgents. He was killed in action against the Red Army. After having provided Enver Pashas short biography, this essay will try to state Envers relation with the Britain by considering the situation of his being minister of war, the person who is responsible of the whole Ottoman army. In 1909 or 1910, Enver Bey was sent to London to fetch military goods. The British media announced him as the Turkish Garibaldi because Garibaldi was an Italian general who revolutionized Italy and made it what it is today. Its clearly understood that the British media admired Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a and considered him equal to Garibaldi. Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a was persona non grata for Britain. By 1908, Britain joined the alliance between France and Russia against the alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italia. Thus, Britain started to welcome Russias interests on Istanbul and Frances interests on Syria.   Enver Bey, who is considered to be the leader of the unionists, had no choice but to ask for Germanys help. Since France and Britain rejected the Ottomans demand for money for its own debts, it was Germany that helped Ottoman Empire. As Enver Bey joined the alliance with Germany, a powerful country, he was always disliked by Britain, for he blocked their interests. During the Italo-Turkish War in 1911-12, Enver Bey went to Libya to defend the Ottomans territory along with Mustafa Kemal. He was a major and had the highest rank there. Since the previously overthrown Sultan, Abdà ¼lhamid II, made the navy dysfunctional, Enver needed army troops. Ottoman Empire couldnt send the necessary troops since Britain had invaded Egypt and she didnt allow Ottoman troops go through Egypt. Eventually, Ottoman Empire lost Tripolitania mostly because of Britain. The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from Britain and the Indian Empire, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire. It took place between 6 November 1914 and 14 November 1918. Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a was the minister of war and Ottoman forces was defeated in this campaign. It was resulted in allied victory and the Treaty of Sà ¨vres. The only success for Ottoman Empire during this campaign was the Siege of Kut. Halil Bey, uncle of Enver Pasha, managed to capture the British general Townshend along with his garrison. British leaders attempted to buy their troops out. Aubrey Herbert and T. E. Lawrence were part of a team of officers sent to negotiate a secret deal with the Ottomans. The British offered  £2 million ( £122,300,000 today) and promised they would not fight the Ottomans again, in exchange for Townshends troops. Enver Pasha ordered that this offer be rejected. Historian Christopher Catherwood has called the siege the worst defeat of the Allies in World War I. The Raids on the Suez Canal, also known as Actions on the Suez Canal, took place between 26 January and 5 August 1916 after a German-led Ottoman Army force advanced from Southern Palestine to attack the British Empire-protected Suez Canal, before the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Ottoman troops were led by Cemal PaÃ…Å ¸a, Minister of the Navy, who was under the command of Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a, Minister of War. These two raids resulted in failure for Ottoman Empire. As conjectured in the story published in the Telegraph, Britain offered $5 million to the Ottomans to allow them to cross the straits of Çanakkale, and another $2 million to the Ottomans to get them to pull their troops out of Palestine. The story also says that an international arms dealer by the name of Basil Zaharoff was responsible for the talks between the two sides. The Telegraph story also says that Enver Pasha was contacted by a civil servant by the name of Kerim Bey in Vienna, who was working for the Ottoman Empires Loan Bureau there, and that the suggested bribe later went up to the astonishing figure of $10 million dollars. It can be easily understood these bribe offers were made before the outbreak of the WWI because it outbroke on July 28 and Ottoman Empire joined the war five days later on August 2 in alliance with Germany. Britain wouldnt make such an offer when Ottoman Empire was already her enemy. Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a could accept these offers for the sake of his countrys economy but he rejected them because he knew that his country would be under the risk of Russians if they received aid from the British. Thus, he prevented British navy from sailing to Black Sea. Although it seems to be win for Britain and lose for Ottoman between the relations of the British and Enver PaÃ…Å ¸a, his great struggles for both Ottoman Empire and Turkic people havent been forgotten; thus, his funeral was brought to Turkey by the Republic of Turkey and buried in Istanbul on his death anniversary in 1996. Rest in peace.

Computer-Based Training :: Business Essays

Computer-Based Training Computer-based training can be found in almost all segments of business and education today. "Virtually every major corporation has turned to computer-based training for teaching employees everything from company regulations, to compliance, to factory operations (Rothfeder 1998) Candice Harp (1998) adds that "Corporate spending for training has risen to over $40 billion each year and a recent survey of Fortune 500 companies found that in some industries, companies dedicate as much as 5 percent of their information system budgets to training" (Harp, Taylor et al. 1998) For one thing, the economics make sense. "Employees can be trained at their desktops no matter where they're based, without incurring travel, hotel and meal costs, and there’s no lost productivity from the time spent traveling" (Rothfeder 1998) But exactly what is computer-based training and what are the various forms it takes? Background In general, computer-based training consists primarily of occupational training for adults, as opposed to computer-aided instruction used mainly in educational settings with younger populations. Training refers to any means of delivering information to people so they can do their jobs better. Computer-based training is delivered using computer tutorials in place of live instructors in a classroom format or video taped instruction. Computer-based training is usually interactive, self-paced, learner-directed, and offers immediate feedback to learners. The various forms of computer-based training currently available include interactive CD-ROM tutorials, multimedia simulations, and most recently, internet and intranet-based programs. Some of the numerous examples where computer-based training has been successfully implemented include instruction for bankers regarding corporate policies, Marine Corps fire teams, airline baggage handlers, MBA’s learning economics, and hostage rescue situations. One of the more sophisticated programs even simulates business war games where profits and losses vary based on management-trainee decisions. Advantages "Adult learning theory postulates that adult learners prefer a high degree of learner control. Computer-based training provides more learner control than other forms of training because it allows the learner to select the appropriate time to engage in learning and which topics will be covered" (Harp, Taylor et al. 1998) Another factor in adult learning theory suggests that adults are motivated by relevance of information to their current needs. With computer-based training, "on-demand training is possible for such instances as mechanics using animated, multimedia reference manuals to learn how to correctly install a new part in a car (Bowman, Grupe et al. 1995) Since most of computer-based training is aimed at adult populations, this advantage is a key factor to its popularity.

The Organizational Behavior

Organizational behavior studies human behavior in the workplace and the interaction between people and the organization. When applied to understanding organizational culture, the set of understandings or meanings share by a group of people, and diversity, the differences that exist between individuals, organizational behavior helps a company gain competitive advantage. It does so by improving access to and retention of labor as well as worker productivity and company image. According to Vandeveer, Menefee and Sinclair (2006), organizational behavior is the systematic study of human behavior in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organization with the intent to understand and predict human behavior. Based on theories that behavior is generally predictable, there are differences between individuals, there are fundamental consistencies and that there are a set of rules in almost every organizational setting, organizational behavior explores relations in an attempt to determine causes and effects and draws conclusions based on scientific evidence. Two of the many areas of study include organizational culture and diversity. Organizational culture is a set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis, 1980). There are three levels of organizational culture, behavior and artifacts, values, assumptions and beliefs defined by Schein (1988). Behavior and artifacts include expressions that can be seen, felt or heard, such as dress code, offices, awards and recognition and how people interact with each other. Values include things such as a company's mission statement, codes of conduct, and slogans. Assumptions and beliefs are tacit in nature; they are not visible and are not easily identified because they exist as unspoken rules. Underlying assumptions and beliefs grow out of values until they become taken for granted and drop out of awareness. The study of organizational culture is important because it affects productivity, performance, commitment, self confidence, and ethical behavior (Sathe, 1985). Diversity represents the differences that exist between individuals. It includes a broad range of things such as culture, race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomics, age, physical and mental abilities, sexual orientation, religion, language, appearance, personality, learning and thinking styles, communication and conflict styles, family status, geography, military status, education, life and work experiences, and functional responsibility in a given organization (What is diversity? ) Goals of studying diversity in organizations are to understand and take advantage of similarities and differences of all people in achieving a company's mission. With this knowledge, it may be possible to establish a process that allows diverse groups of people to maximize productivity, creativity, and enjoyment to reach their full potentials without being advantaged or disadvantaged by irrelevant or limiting factors. A Business-Higher Education Forum representative states, â€Å"Demographic trends compel business and higher education to make a conscious investment in the development of the talent and productivity of all citizens. † (Corporate, higher education leaders warn: U. S. ust focus on diversity or face decline in competitiveness, 2002) In addition to recruitment, diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, creativity, and business image (Esty, Griffin, and Schorr-Hirsh, 1995). Ultimately, organizational behavior is a discipline that can be used to improve an organization. Organizational culture and diversity are two areas that prove the tremendous potential for applying organizational behavior. Labor supply, retention and performance and company image depend on successful cultural and diversity practices.

Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi essays

Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi essays Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi Seizure of Power? Many factors combined to make the Nazi seizure of power possible including, it has to be said, a certain amount of luck. Obviously in considering how the Nazis came to power there is the traditional split between long term and short term factors. This split has been a particularly contentious area of historical research in relation to Nazi Germany. Some of the more ridiculous pieces of historical writing, have attempted to prove that defects in the German character which predisposed Germans to Nazi rule can be traced as far back as Luther and beyond. A more sensible starting point for examining the origins of the Nazi movement is 1918 however. To say that the events of 1918 came as a great shock to Germans is probably an understatement. The war had been launched in a wave of patriotism, unity, and optimism in 1914, a moment Hitler regarded as one of the happiest of his life. In the East the war had gone particularly well for Germany, victory had seemed within her grasp. The defeat, armistice, and crushing terms of the Versailles settlement therefore left many Germans in a state of denial about the course of events. As a result many readily believed and found solace in various conspiracy theories that appeared. It was a conspiracy of world Jewry, and Germany had been 'stabbed in the back,' by traitors at home, while Germany's brave heroes remained undefeated at the front. One of the many caught up in the turbulent emotions and politics of the period was an obscure Bavarian Corporal called Adolf Hitler. After the war he was an 'education,' officer, to liaise between various political groups and the army. As a result of his job, he joined the NSDAP, and with the authority his public speaking abilities gave him, he rapidly rose in importance to become the undisputed party leader by 1921. This was Hitler's first positive step on the path to power. The exist...

Free Essays on Gulf Oil

Gulf Oil Case Summary Oct 1, 2003 This article dealt with the Gulf Oil takeover. Standard Oil Co. of California's (Socal) opportunity came virtually overnight. The Gulf Corporation, the nation's fifth largest petroleum company, had been under siege from an investor group seeking to Gain control of the company and sell it piecemeal for a quick profit. After warding off a takeover bid, Gulf's Board of Directors chose to offer the company up for sale. George Keller of Standard Oil Company is deciding whether of not to take it over and how much to bid on the stock. Since there are other competitors also interested in the company, Keller has to make a decision on how much to pay fast. Right now they had a very low ratio which would allow them to bid as high as 79 or 80 since they could easily borrow vast amounts of cash from creditors. This gave them an advantage over ARCO. After acquisition they would be able to handle this high debt to capital ratio in the short run, but would have to be reduced it within the next few years. Its interesting how a few months prior the stock was valued at $40 per share. This is probably because if Keller or the other bidders purchased this company, they would double their reserves of high-quality light oil. Gulf Oil spent a lot of funds on exploration and development. Although a time consuming process, this was extremely valuable for the company by increasing their reserves. Keller is contemplating using these finds which total $2 billion in order to lower their debt to capital ratio. I feel this is a bad idea. Although they would have double the reserves, they would possible jeopardize their future and allow other companies to more find oil. If they continue with the exploration and development this would lift the company to a leading position. I feel it would be better to sell off assets in order to lower the debt. Since this merger would double it’s size, they could affor... Free Essays on Gulf Oil Free Essays on Gulf Oil Gulf Oil Case Summary Oct 1, 2003 This article dealt with the Gulf Oil takeover. Standard Oil Co. of California's (Socal) opportunity came virtually overnight. The Gulf Corporation, the nation's fifth largest petroleum company, had been under siege from an investor group seeking to Gain control of the company and sell it piecemeal for a quick profit. After warding off a takeover bid, Gulf's Board of Directors chose to offer the company up for sale. George Keller of Standard Oil Company is deciding whether of not to take it over and how much to bid on the stock. Since there are other competitors also interested in the company, Keller has to make a decision on how much to pay fast. Right now they had a very low ratio which would allow them to bid as high as 79 or 80 since they could easily borrow vast amounts of cash from creditors. This gave them an advantage over ARCO. After acquisition they would be able to handle this high debt to capital ratio in the short run, but would have to be reduced it within the next few years. Its interesting how a few months prior the stock was valued at $40 per share. This is probably because if Keller or the other bidders purchased this company, they would double their reserves of high-quality light oil. Gulf Oil spent a lot of funds on exploration and development. Although a time consuming process, this was extremely valuable for the company by increasing their reserves. Keller is contemplating using these finds which total $2 billion in order to lower their debt to capital ratio. I feel this is a bad idea. Although they would have double the reserves, they would possible jeopardize their future and allow other companies to more find oil. If they continue with the exploration and development this would lift the company to a leading position. I feel it would be better to sell off assets in order to lower the debt. Since this merger would double it’s size, they could affor...

Welfare reform and not being able to survive on current minimum wage Essay

Welfare reform and not being able to survive on current minimum wage - Essay Example These were the first laws to recognize the overtime pay policies, eight-hour workday, and minimum wages for workers. A century later, there has been a lot of criticisms on the impact and effects of these minimum wages in America. Ehrenreich (3) argue that â€Å"minimum wages is a contributing factor to inflation, unemployment, and high prices†. On the other hand, other people believe that minimum wages play a role in protecting the rights and welfare of workers. Ehrenreich (1) is one of the people who argue against the establishment of minimum wages. She argues that by creation of a minimum wage, the government and business organizations are exploiting the society. This is because the minimum wages established by the government cannot help an individual to live comfortably in the society (Ehrenreich, 16). For example, the current minimum wages in United States is 7.50 dollars per hour. Ehrenreich (7) explains that this amount of money is very little, and it cannot make a person to live comfortably in any States, within America. For example, this amount of money cannot pay a nice two bed roomed house in United States. This is for an individual who is working for about 40 hours per week. Ehrenreich (17) argues that the â€Å"group of people who are vulnerable, and greatly affected by this concept of minimum wages are single mothers†. These are women who are alone, and they are forced to carter for the need of their children. The 7.50 m inimum wages is not sufficient to help these women carter for their needs. It is because they lack time to seek other works, or work for overtime, for purposes of supplementing their incomes. This is because they have to carter for the needs of their offspring’s, and hence they are forced to leave work early. In fact, Ehrenreich (12) explains that â€Å"most employers normally complain that the major problem they

Question answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question answer - Assignment Example This, to market observers, is an aggressive strategy that has led them to court over intellectual property with Apple. Samsung pivots and launches its products quickly with each product offering different features. It studies the market needs and pushes products that are successful while killing the failures. It has differentiated itself from Apple by developing phones with larger screens, impressive features, listening to consumer demands and successful marketing. Nestle is another example of a company that regards the USA as a foreign market. Being a global organization, Nestle adopts competitive strategies when entering into new markets. Most of its products are dairy-based and for this reason, it first undertakes direct investment in the dairy and other food businesses. In terms of sales, Nestle usually attempts to maintain low risk and low growth; this ensures that its growth is steady thereby maintaining the confidence of stakeholders. In the USA, a developed market, Nestle gains economies of scale through the aforementioned strategy; foreign direct investment. This investment is directed into big companies handling both dairy and food-related products. Another strategy that is effective is entering into partnerships with large companies. The most notable partnership is the one with Coca-Cola, which enable Nestle to benefit from the worldwide bottling system of Coca-Cola. Licensing despite being a solid foreign market entry strategy it has its own risks and downsides. Licensing refers to an agreement that involves the selling of rights to the licensee to reproduce intellectual property of the licensor. First, if the licensee firm is competitive and rapidly growing it may develop into a future competitor to the licensor firm. Another risk that should be taken into consideration is the misuse of the trademarks by the licensee firm, which often leads to the violation of the licensing agreement. The licensor

Ask week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ask week 3 - Essay Example In what ways can you ensure this? This can be argued to be correct because organisations should get to learn and understand foreign cultures and incorporate their customs into their operations (Warren 2011). When recruiting and hiring employees, an organization should have ethical approach towards the whole process. Explain how an organization should carryout this process in relation to its internationalisation. This is vital especially depending on whether an organization want to keep local standards and values or to create an international â€Å"universal† code. In relation to your quench to develop a leading-edge bionanotechnology-based detection system for laboratory medicine, what are some advantages of approaching the issue as group? It is apparent that working as a team could lead to new seminal findings and discoveries (Spence 1998). In what ways can various cultures influence how work is done in laboratory? For example, some aspects like the cultural aspects of consensus thinking and problem-solving, seniority of position over those of junior standing and the notions of class or castes such as socioeconomic may highly impact on decision making and problem solving (Korthals 2008). Do you think a more universal code, framework for operating or organizational guidelines can add greatly to improving your situation? If yes, state in what ways. For example, in some of your groups the notion of ‘losing one’s face’ is very important concept that is varied by type of group. Therefore, taking a more relative than absolute approach to individual interpretations could be crucial (Svensson and Wood 2008). Are there advantages of working with individuals with international experience? This is important because collaborative work may need people with vast experience on how to work as a group with people from other culture. In what ways would an

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Essay Example for Free

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Essay This article has deeply looked into the importances of education. The different perspectives that the author of the article has used in explaining the significance of education has made me to understand the noble part of education which I though was increased economic power. However from the article, I have realized that there are other benefits accrued to education such as improved lifestyle, and also status quo of an individual though they have not been fully exhausted in the article. The completion of tertiary education has also increase in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) members have also learnt that there is inequality in economic earning in the OECD country members with Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium having the lowest level of gender inequality. This however does not conform in all countries especially the developing countries where the level of unemployment is high. There is high level of unemployed graduates in the developing countries which deprive education of its importance. The income rate in the developing countries do not match with education level due to high level of corruption in these countries. It is possible to find a Bachelor degree holder earning less than a college diploma holder. The education in different countries vary in significance and in the developed countries the people enjoy the benefits of education more than the people in the developing countries. The articles analysis on sciences and maths score has brought the clear image of performance across different countries. Just like many people, I could not have imagined that the United States could be led by any other country in the science and technology sector. Amazingly from the articles analysis on these subjects (Science and Maths), Asian countries take a lead including Singapore, China, South Korea and Japan. It have also been noted that different countries differ significantly on the level of education and education attainment. The gender inequality in earning is very prominent in the developing countries which the article should have focused. The article did not include African states in the analysis except in the science and math performance. I feel that the article needed more of comparison on education in Africa with the first world countries which could have brought about a clear view of education in the two disparities. The article could have discussed about the future prospect of education in the world. With the improved technology, different individuals from different countries are able to acquire universal education and hence chances of employment increase. The level of competition in education is also likely to go higher as children at a lower age are being exposed to technology such as the internet. The article need therefore to address the future of education in the globe. The benefits of education are broader than the article is stating. Education plays a major role in the conservation of the environment. The level of education determines the ones level of environmental consciousness. With the threat of global warming, education through creating awareness and providing solutions to the problem can make a difference.

Environmentalism in US Politics

Environmentalism in US Politics Environmentalist Gets Down to Earth Over the past few years, environmentalists had yet to find accountable successes in their campaigns, as people seemingly refused to listen to their plans and ideas. For example, environmentalists constantly alert customers about the contents of common goods, yet despite of the excessive and uncontrolled amount of fat and calories that are unhealthy, there is tendency for the customers to ignore the messages. Or the fact that their campaigns to restrict carbon emissions have failed miserably in 2010, regardless of the obvious warning signs of global warming. Challenged with difficulties, environmentalist’s groups are revolutionizing themselves to the new circumstances. Executives have been changed frequently over the past 15 months. Instead of focusing on global problems that do not seem to attract attentions, or that are too difficult to solve at the moment, environmentalists are sharpening their focus into a more transitional and local anxieties. On top of that, they will als o attempt to draw attention to the relationship between lobbyists and elections. Their most noticeable success, which was the discontinuation of Keystone XL pipeline, is being propelled forward again this year by its defenders in the Congress. Things don’t stop there. With the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico early in 2010, in addition to the defeat to limit carbon emissions globally, the only objective left to save them from collapsing is to carry on with suspending the scheduled pipeline. In order for their organizations to remain practical, they need young leaders that could effectively communicate with younger generations. One example is Mr. McKibben, founder of 350.org, who successfully conveyed the group’s message to the rest of the populations through the means of mass communications, noticeably the internet, and mass protests. Mr. McKibben commented that young leaders often dismisses losses and are more eager to fight even though lucks aren’t in their fav ors. Michael Brune is one of the leaders that are most praised by Mr.McKibben. Michael Brune became the executive director of Sierra’s Club at the age of 38. He does not concentrate on global warming on a international scale, however, cleverly on a much more local scale. For example, he would point out how local coal plant is contributing to asthma attacks in children, which would raise concerns from local parents, and in effect, supporters for his campaigns. Hydraulic fracturing is also one problem that the local has to face. Strictly speaking, natural gas is one of the cleanest source of energy (or as environmentalists call it, â€Å"greenest†). However, it is not natural gas that is causing problems, but the way it is being collected by companies. Primitive regulations around hydraulic fracturing is producing unsuitable ways to collect gas from underground, which is poisoning the underground water supplies. Politically speaking, environmentalists are predominantly Democrats. However, recent voting expenditures on both parties are quite extraordinary and excessive. Hence, this creates distrusts within the people as succeeded candidates are not obliged to complete their promises. Therefore, seeing how both political parties are sailing towards profits instead common good, people are often divided. Consequently, the goal of environmentalists is to unite people to strive for a more prosperous future for humanity. Drilling Critics Face a Divide Over the Goal of Their Fight Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a controversial matter at the present. It is to extract natural gas by drilling and infusing fluid underground at high pressure. Easier said than done. As mentioned before, natural gas is one of the â€Å"greenest† source of energy available. It is the unregulated ways of extracting the mentioned source that is creating concerns with local and national organizations. Even though there are solutions to the problems, people are undecided as to completely ban the method or enforce on stricter regulations. Of course, there are always two sides to the stories. Needless to say, there are jobs that are involved with fracking, and by banning it, there will be unpredicted consequences. Regulations are similar to laws, which are often different from state to state. It will be very difficult to one simple solution to fix it all. Such that fracking is economically potent, it is emerging as an industry, and a profitable one at that. Landowners are eager to participate to benefit from the process. But the more people come to understand about fracking and how it is practiced, it is difficult to state whether the whole process can be safely handled. Wes Gillingham, program director for Catskill Mountainkeeper, predicted it, â€Å"a disaster for New York State.† The issue is a rather complicated one, such that, the State Department of Environmental Conservation has received 20,800 comments from citizens, which forthrightly exceeds any issues that have ever surfaced. The problem here is the fact that complete banning of the practice is not possible, as any profitable businesses will continue to exist, however, to what extent the government should regulate is questionable. Even though the oppositions see the practice as unethical and endangering to neighborhood, its supporters regard fracking as a cleaner source of energy, which would be on par with renewable sources of energy, such as wind and solar power. Environmentalistâ€℠¢s groups themselves are divided, as some regard it as safe and secure while others completely disagree. A possible solution has arisen is to suspend fracking until further studies are completed. The obvious fact is  people do not wish fracking to continue at its state, which is profitably harmful. Chapter 5 Year 2000, Democratic candidate Al Gore received more than 550,000 more votes, but Electoral College decided who win the presidency by a majority. The voting was so that the Florida Electoral College could have given the majority to either George Bush or Al Gore as the next President. It is obvious that when Florida State received too much attention, there will be briberies and cheatings involved. The cheatings could not possibly come from the two candidates themselves, but there were corporations interested in one specific candidate winning. That was the reason why Gore sued Floridas State from having counted the votes manually, and possibly cheated along the way. Gore demanded for a recount, however, Bush prevented from happening. In the end, George Bush won the presidency, yet, it was not clear whether he won by having majority in 537 total votes in Florida or merely on vote on the Supreme Court. Year 2004, Bush easily dominated his opponent. He received 3,500,000 more votes nationwide, and also won a majority of the popular vote in the Electoral College. Bushs victory did not reflect only on his personal achievement, but also on the Republicans new domination. Along with Republicans winning presidency by having both majority in the popular vote and Electoral College, they have dominated the Democratic Party, by having more majorities in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. It is surprising that the United States has one of the lowest rates in turnout in comparison to other industrialized democracies. The rates of turnout reflects upon citizens will of participation and citizens view of the political parties. The United States is a two-party system, whereas other democratic countries have multiparty. The reason is that Democratic and Republican parties have dominated the political systems for a lengthy period of time, and the introduction of any political parties is deemed unnecessary, hence uncovered by any mass media communication, thus, unnoticed by the public. This is noticeably one effect of the media upon the political system. The low rate of turnout indicates the skepticism of the citizens upon the political parties, where they dont trust any of the parties. Some will have to choose the lesser evil of the two, while others decide not to participate. In addition, the turnout was severely suppressed in the South, as voters were required to pay a hi gh fee to vote, took a literacy test as well as a good character test. That was why seventy five percentages of the blacks and poor were eliminated from voting. Political scientist Walter Burnham states that working class citizens dont vote as much the the upper class in society. This can explain by the fact that the working class cannot often sacrifice their time to vote, as voting time is synced with working hours. In addition, their votes dont always matter as candidates can win by having majority in the Electoral College. The upper class citizens vote more often than lower class citizens and they have more chance to influence the outcome through donations to political campaigns. Interestingly enough, the authors of the Constitution never believed in political parties. They condemned political parties as a danger to liberty, and hoped for the government to constantly check and balance the parties. Because of our two party system, there will be diverse and conflicting interests wi thin the same group. For example, in the past, there were people from the Democratic Party that supported the integration and those opposed it. The political parties often ignored the conflicts or any concerns from the citizens, since they will have no choice but to vote for one of the party. The political parties will only response to issues that are beneficial to the elites, since they are the biggest supporters and donors. In a way, the two system party fail to reflect upon the needs of the majority and satisfies a small portion of society. The truth remains that candidates need a lot of money for their political campaigns and ads. For example, in 2004, 91% of the Senate and 96 % of the House of Representatives won their seats because they spent more than their opponents. Candidates dont often have the money readily available, however, these money can come from donations from corporations and firms. These companies often regard these expenditures as investment for their political influence. The truth is, they are. Representative Michael Oxley put it as, it would be difficult to ask people to contribute, and not let us know their opinion. It is hard to conversate with politicians, but with a little bit of money, they might hear us better. It is of course illegal to directly give cash to politicians for political decision, however, contributions are elusive and indirect, thus, making them legal. The benefits of donations can include the motivation for legislator to support a bill and recommendation of amendments to a bill . Seeing how corrosive and elusive these contributions are, the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) was introduced in 1974 to control contributions and spending. All receipts and disbursement are required to be made public. But on the other hand, the Political Action Committees was also formed to combat with the FECA. There are basically two kinds of contributions, soft and hard money. Hard money has to be reported, yet, soft money, which is meant for educational and building party purposes, is unregulated and unlimited. In fact, 3/4 of the soft money come from business executives. The solution from the FECA was to increase the amount of hard money contributions per person, from $1000 to $2000. Even though money does not guarantee victory, it means one has not spent enough money to achieve what they desired. Political participation in the U.S is namely open, one can know for certain that it is not free.

Justice at the Scaffold in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Ess

Justice at the Scaffold in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Harter Fogle acknowledges the aspect of the superhuman as "the sphere of absolute insight, justice, and mercy: few of Hawthorne's tales and romances can be adequately considered without taking it into account" ("Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony" 309). This superhuman aspect surfaces through Divine Justice in The Scarlet Letter. On the other hand, the merely human application of justice emerges through the Puritan laws, or Earthly Justice. The struggle for supremacy in the novel between Earthly and Divine Justice becomes a central theme, reflected in multiple aspects of the plot. However, the focal point in this struggle manifests itself at the scaffold in Boston, where Divine Justice materializes and ultimately triumphs over Earthly Justice.    The thematic struggle at the battleground of the scaffold unfolds and develops through Hawthorne's three scaffold scenes. Earthly Justice dominates the first scene, where the Puritans force the stoic Hester Prynne, bearing the scarlet "A" on her bosom, to stand on the scaffold in front of the cackling, condemning Puritan crowd. Hawthorne explains that "shame...was the essence of this punishment" (41). Moreover, Ernest Sandeen verifies that a sinner "feels shame before his fellowman and fear before his God" ("The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story" 360), meaning that Earthly Justice induces shame as Divine Justice creates fear. Therefore, since Hester's punishment reduced her to shame on the scaffold, Earthly Justice dispensed its punishment, asserting its authority, in this first scaffold scene.    Also, Dimmesdale's reluctance in this scene to admit his guilt diminishes the hope for Divine Justice, which is fo... ...werful yet merciful Divine Justice that unfailingly watched over them.       Works Cited    Abel, Darrel. "Hawthorne's Hester." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 300-308. Feidelson, Charles, Jr. "The People of Boston." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 371-375. Fogle, Richard Harter. "Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 308-315. Sandeen, Ernest. "The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 350-361.

Mental Illness among Homeless in London Borough of Tower Hamlet

Abstract: The aim of the essay plan at hand was to outline the mental health issues that are being faced by the homeless population in the UK, with specific references to the borough of Tower Hamlets. The plan covered the main contextual factors and determinants of the urban health issue, the main implications and public consequences of the issue in both the City of London in general and the UK, and offered an outline for the critique of current interventions to combat the issue. The plan concluded with speculated recommendations and conclusions for the extended essay. 1 Introduction London, United Kingdom is host to over 10,000 homeless members of society with common afflictions including mental illness, drug and alcohol issues and health concerns (Story et al, 2007). This number of specific homeless far exceeds other national indigent populations making it unique throughout the UK. Alongside the establishment of pervasive symptoms among the population rests the requirement of continuous evaluation of caregivers in order to maintain proper public support structures. The borough of Tower Hamlets has been identified as an area of historic and on-going homelessness as it is a highly deprived area of East London. Deprivation and severe poverty has been identified as one of the most significant determinants of physical and mental health (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). Combined with a lack of public or private methods of remedy, many homeless have no feasible alternative to living in the streets. In accord, Tower Hamlets has a soaring prevalenc e of these determining factors, which encourage the development of mental health problems among the afflicted population. Further, poor living conditions have the potential to add to the stress experienced by some individuals, which in turn leads to a form of sickness (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). As a result of this evaluation, homelessness has been identified as a significant aspect of poor mental health in this borough (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). It has been suggested that mental health issues may actually be a leading factor in the onset of homelessness, where the stresses of homelessness further exacerbate existing psychological issues. At every level of assessment surrounding the mental health of the indigent population of Tower Hamlets, there is a continuous need to re-evaluate and adjust policy in order to address the rising concerns. 2 Rationales Epidemiological data shows that common mental health problems such as anxiety and depression have been found to be over twice as high, and psychosis has been found to be fifty to one hundred times more prevalent in the homeless (Bassuk et al, 1986). This illustrates the clear need to identify the factors that drive these persons to these stages. Further, with such a high number needing sustained medical attention in order to move away from the homeless issue, there is the perception of public burden, which adds to the need to find an effective method of addressing the issue (Wright, 2014). The lack of adequate research in this area of mental stability and determinants reveals the shallow depths of current knowledge, requiring the undertaking of modern reviews in order to accurately assess the next step. Another key rationale is the need to address common social issues including drug and alcohol abuse in the homeless (Dunne et al, 2013). Whether as a result of being homeless or the co nsequence of abuse, drugs and alcohol dependency are established factors that are common throughout the indigent population (Wright, 2014). This commonality has been wrongly cited as the prevalent determinant in the homeless condition, with many persons not finding the drugs or alcohol until after experiencing the loss of becoming homeless (Wright, 2014). Yet, the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse has been found to be widespread within the homeless community (Fazel et al, 2008) thus the essay will aim to shed light upon this aspect of substance abuse as among the largest contributing factors to homelessness. This focus on elements that are considered determinant in the creation of the homeless population will enable a relevant series of recommendations that are aimed at reducing the phenomenon. Further, this essay also aims to provide further insight to how the statistics were found to be markedly higher in the borough of Tower Hamlets than the proportion across other London boro ughs all together than the proportion across other London boroughs all together (NHS Tower Hamlets, 2011). With a defined rise in the factors impacting the homeless in this area, it becomes essential to identify the primary components. Alongside the benefit that the local population will derive from this exercise will be the potential for this experience to translate into other social areas that will assist in developing long term solutions to pressing issues. In order to fully explore the goals of this essay; gender, ethnicity and the age aspect of homelessness will be discussed, as there are marked differences between genders and races in regard to the issues faced in homelessness (Wright, 2014). As with each outside element including financial standing and health, the disparity between the sexes in the homeless population requires investigation. For example, single men between the ages of 25-44 have been identified as the most common demographic group associated with homelessness (Hwang, 2001), yet children have also been found at a high risk of facing homelessness, accompanied by a high risk of developing mental health issues (Tischler et al, 2002). While the presence of the homeless conditions in these two demographics may withstand scrutiny, the question of how this condition arose creates the opportunity to avoid it. Further, with a sustained outreach to those in peril of becoming homeless before the fact, there is opportunity for developing past the hardship, making this study crucial (Buckman et al, 2013). In order to properly assess the societal position and expectations of the homeless, this essay will assess what is considered among the highest concerns among members of this population (Iversen et al, 2011). Despite the contention that specific determinants play a role in the indigent condition, others argue that it is the perception of adverse social conditions on the part of the person that serve to keep the person in the homeless state. With correlations among the indigent and common belief such as the desire for work and affordable housing, there are foundations for building a path to a more sustainable form of living for many currently in the homeless condition (Fitzpatrick et al, 2013). This is an indication of the importance of considering not only the external conditions associated with the homeless, mental health and drug abuse, but there must be a corresponding effort to address the internal perceptions held by these individuals. The situation for those living rough is int ensified when substance misuse is co-morbidly present with existing mental health problems (Rees, 2009). This combination of conditions is credited with sustaining the homeless condition, making the opportunity to rise above the stage complex and unlikely (Dunne et al, 2012). It is the perception of lack prospects and potential that is credited with keeping many individuals in the indigent state. Among the homeless male versus the general public, there is a higher association with illnesses including schizophrenia by a 50% v 34%, personality disorders 37% v. 11%, substance dependence issues 74%5 v. 19% further increasing the need to study and identify the specific factors surrounding this ratio (Dunne et al, 2012). These statistics indicate the much of the mental disorders are amplified in conjunction with the homeless population which raises another area of concern; where the individuals afflicted as result of becoming homeless or did they become homeless as a result of becoming il lThis critical consideration will add to the assessment of determinants and the manner in which they work to keep the indigent population on the rise (Wright, 2014). In accord, the essay aims to discuss how the borough of Tower Hamlets has been identified as having the highest mental health needs in the UK, with over 45% of the population of the borough claiming incapacity benefit due to their ill mental health. This very high rate indicates the presence of a set of conditions that are expected to be identifiable, adding to the appeal of this study. As the literature confirms that mental illness is a significant urban health issue accompanied by crucial repercussions such as homelessness, the essay will aim to highlight the ways in which this issue relates to the London borough of Tower Hamlets. As the results are directly relevant to those in the Tower Hamlets, many other indigent populations exhibit similar conditions, which this study will assist to illuminate. 3 Urban Context and Determinants The literature surrounding homelessness and mental health indicates that factors in the urban context play a major role in the development of this urban health issue (Fitzpatrick et al, 2012). This is an indication that this area of research is not only necessary but vital to the effort to sustain and improve the state of the homeless population. Determinants such as poverty, exclusion, attainment and wellbeing all hold significant implications for homelessness (Frankish, Hwang & Quantz, 2005). Elements that are cited to aid in the determination homeless population causation include the lack of general or low strata employment opportunities (Fitzpatricket al, 2013). This perception of no means to find work is compounded by ill health and the absence of health care. As those in the poorer classes fall sick, there is a trend to allow this sickness to become overriding, thereby adding to the detrimental factors surrounding a persons living situation (Dawson et al, 2013). Outside social factors can have distinct impact on the determinants surrounding the homeless populations. With natural disasters and war placing many of these individuals in the homeless situations due to associated factors, there is a need to quantify each new social influence in order to minimize the harmful impact. Feeding directly into the homeless epidemic and the mentally unstable is the common lack of disability services that will have the resources to aid them (Wright, 2014). This scenario of inadequate infrastructure only adds support to the contention that each new determinant in the homeless cycle increases the likelihood that the person will not be able to escape the condition. With evidence supporting the position that it becomes harder to function in day to day society the longer a person remains indigent, there is a clear and present time factor that must be added to the determinants of the homeless (Wright, 2014). Additional factors such as difficulties in maintaining secure and good quality accommodation due to mental illness will also be discussed in the essay as contributors to homelessness (Breaky, 1992). Determinants to the homeless condition have been attributed to the high rate of substance abuse and addiction among the indigent population (Wright, 2014). This is an indicati on that there is truth to the argument that many people choose their addictions over a place to live comfortably. Further, this very aspect is magnified by the lack of affordable, quality housing in many areas (Buckman et al, 2013). With no avenue to find a roof, the drive to work towards making their life better has a trend of stalling as these determinant continue to hold the person back. This essay endeavours to shed light on recent changes to government policy, such as reforms in welfare support and social housing, the recession, and government cuts to public services in the UK had impacted those who were most vulnerable to homelessness. Each shift in public policy and perception has the potential to add or detract from the living situation of the indigent population (Wright, 2014). Yet, in many cases, available opportunities are overlooked due to the fact that the persons in question have no means to become acquainted with the policies. Individuals with mental health problems h ave faced considerable difficulties due to these changes such as understanding when they need to claim the benefits, how the new benefits work, and uncertainty about how the changes will affect their circumstances (Wright, 2014). Many times, the very complex nature of the policy or regulation diminishes the effectiveness of the intent by reducing access. As a further example of this issue raising modern concern, in some cases, individuals may also face difficulty getting access to, and using a computer to claim their benefits online (Dawson et al, 2013). These common issues that highlight the high risk of the mentally ill facing homelessness due to financial hardship and provide a possible explanation as to why there is such a high degree of mental illness among the homeless. Due to the fact that registration to a GP generally requires proof of a home address, homeless people are more likely to access healthcare through emergency services (Crisis & MORI, 2002). This creates many iss ues including access, payment, sustained care and exacerbated social expense. Further, this poses problems on both the individual and the general population as the individual may not receive the health advice and respect that they deserve for reasons such as the emergency department only being intended for emergency health conditions, and due to social stigma around homelessness; such as the homeless may be associated with mental ill health, substance abuse and lack of hygiene (Riley, Harding, Underwood & Carter, 2003). It is a common trend among the homeless to face a lack of insurance and the unwillingness to visit the doctor aside from the direst of circumstance. These factors have been cited as contributors of poor physical and psychological wellbeing which the homeless individual faces when trying to access public health care, which only serve to compound the homeless condition (Wright, 2014). In many cases social pressure to avoid using the medical services, serves to drive th e homeless even further from finding quality care, only serve to further add to the issue. A final determinant to be discussed in this essay is the cost of this urban health issue faced by the National health services, which in turn is passed on to the larger national population (Dunne et al, 2012). In many cases the variance of social support has changed alongside the political views of the ruling establishment. This condition causes many fits and starts to any existing system, which in turn serve to slow down both effective outreach and long-term strategy. Cost has the potential to become an overbearing feature of any policy creation effort (Dunne et al, 2012). In some cases the zeal to reduce the public budget for these issues is weighed against the need to devote time and resources to this part of the population (Fitzpatrick et al, 2013). With a common lack of representation among the law makers, the lower classes have often suffered the lack of finance and social support that is required to implement any effective strategy. Modern evidence shows that mental illness fo r the NHS is costly as it is the largest cause of disability in the UK. Social and informal care for the mentally ill is costing ?22.5 billion, where 13.8% of the national budget is spent on mental health (National Mental Health, 2012). This is a defining motivation for lawmakers on any side of the aisle to find a method of addressing the issue. Statistics also show that ?77 billion a year was being spent on welfare benefits for mental illnesses in 2009 (National Mental Health, 2012). This is a trend of rising cost that will only be reversed through study and relevant and considered implement of infrastructure. The lack of a coordinated strategy to reduce the homeless issue only creates a potential for the issue to become intractable and even harder to combat (Wright, 2014). The impact of these costs on the national economy was damaging, increasing national debts thus affecting the general population through increases in tax, public services, and as previously mentioned, cuts to nat ional healthcare (National Mental Health, 2012). This issue touches each person in society in a direct manner, meaning that with the easing of homeless condition there will be a corresponding easing of social pressure of the whole of society. Therefore it is necessary for these determinants to be discussed as contributing factors to the urban health issue. 4 Conclusions and Recommendations The aim of this paper is to critique strategies such as the Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement 2013 to 2017, the Homelessness Act and other interventions that tackle homelessness and mental illness as separate entities (Crisis, 2009). This review of material will create the opportunity to identify strengths and weaknesses in the approaches that could in turn be amended. Further, this review will provide a basis for long term strategy based on the continuous need to refine public policy in order to reduce the burden on society as a whole (Wright, 2014). Yet, in every case the solution must be both ethical and motivated by the desire to enhance the homeless population’s potential to achieve stability. The recommendations that will evolve as a result of this study will involve coordinated treatment programs (Coldwell & Bender, 2007) such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), which aim to serve psychiatric outpatients whose mental illness causes serious functioning difficulties in aspects of life including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness, all of which can have an impact on housing status (Dixon, 2000). Other possible avenues designed to create options including community housing initiatives, political action through policy reform, enhancing current infrastructure such as Habitat for Humanity and the National Coalition for the Homeless. This consideration of a wide range of evidence creates a variety of opportunities to explore and address the issues facing the modern homeless population (Iversen et al, 2011). It is expected that this study will conclude that the ACT is an effective measure in combating the co re issues which lead to and maintain homelessness, and aim to recommend that government funding should be utilised to promote programs such as ACT which will make lasting changes in the homeless community. Further, there is an expectation that there will be a combination of past and prior factors that have contributed to the homeless population and that it will require a well-rounded intervention method in order to provide better prospects. In the end, the base goal of this essay is to provide potential paths for further research which will in turn work to alleviate the dismal conditions associated with the indigent condition. 4 References Bassuk, E.L., Rubin, L. & Lauriat. A.S. (1986). Characteristics of sheltered homeless families. American Journal of Public Health. 76(9). 1097-1101. Breaky, W.R. (1992). Mental Health Services for Homeless People. pp101-107. Cited in: Homelessness: A National Perspective. Eds. Robertson, M.J. & Greenblatt, M. (1992). Buckman, J., Forbes, H., Clayton, T., Jones, M., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Sundin, J., Hull, L., Wessely, S. and Fear, N. (2013). Early Service leavers: a study of the factors associated with premature separation from the UK Armed Forces and the mental health of those that leave early. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), pp.410–415.Coldwell, C.M. & Bender, W.S. (2007). The Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations With Severe Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 164(3). 393-399.Communities and Local Government. (2009). Rough Sleeping England – Total Street Count. Retrieved from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/roughsleeping2009 Accessed: 17th February 2014 Crisis & MORI. (2002). Critical condition: Homeless people’s access to GPs. London. Dawson, A., Jackson, D. and Cleary, M. (2013). Mothering on the margins: Homeless women with an SUD and complex mental health co-morbidities. Issues in mental health nursing, 34(4), pp.288–293. Dixon, L. (2000). Assertive community treatment: Twenty-five years of cold. Psychiatric Services, 51, 759-765. Dunne, E., Duggan, M. and O’Mahony, J. (2012). Mental health services for homeless: patient profile and factors associated with suicide and homicide. Mental health. Fazel, S; Khosla, V; Doll, H; Geddes, J (2008). â€Å"The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis†. PLoS Med 5 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225 Fitzpatrick, S., Bramley, G. and Johnsen, S. (2013). Pathways into multiple exclusion homelessness in seven UK cities. Urban Studies, 50(1), pp.148–168. Frankish, C.J., Hwang, S.W. & Quantz, D. (2005). Homelessness and Health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2(96). 23-29. Hwang, S.W. (2001). Homelessness and health. CMAJ. 164(2). 229–233. Iversen, A., van Staden, L., Hughes, J., Greenberg, N., Hotopf, M., Rona, R., Thornicroft, G., National Mental Health. (2012). Development Unit. Factfile 3. The costs of mental ill health. Retrieved from: http://www.nmhdu.org.uk/silo/files/nmhdu-factfile-3.pdf Accessed: 16th February 2014 NHS Tower Hamlets. (2011). Homelessness: Factsheet. Tower Hamlets Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2010 ­2011 . Retrieved from: http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=f8390127-f61d-491b-8323-cea75d92a228&version=1. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Riley, A.J., Harding, G., Underwood, M.R., Carter, Y.H. (2003). Homelessness: a problem for primary careBritish Journal of General Practice. 473-479. Tischler, V., Vostanis, P., Bellerby, T. & Cumella, S. (2002). Evaluation of a mental health outreach service for homeless families. Arch Dis Child. 86. 158–163. Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group. (August 2013). Mental Health Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for Tower Hamlets. Tower Hamlets Health and Wellbeing Board. Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement. (2013). 2013 to 2017 Consultation Draft. Retrieved from: http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgsl/851900/868_housing_strategy_and_polic/homelessness_strategy.aspx Accessed: 17th February 2014 Rees, S. (2009). Mental Ill Health in the Adult Single Homeless Population: A review of the literature. Crisis, PHRU. Retrieved from: http://www.crisis.org.uk/data/files/publications/Mental%20health%20literature%20review.pdf. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Story, A., Murad, S., Roberts, W., Verheyen, M. & Hayward, A.C. (2007). Tuberculosis in London: the importance of homelessness, problem drug use and prison. Thorax. 62(8). 667-671. Wessely, S. and Fear, N. (2011). The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK Armed Forces. BMC health services research, 11(1), p.31. Wright, J. (2014). Health needs of the homeless. InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice, 7(2), pp.91–98. Mental Illness Among Homeless In London Borough Of Tower Hamlet Abstract: The aim of the essay plan at hand was to outline the mental health issues that are being faced by the homeless population in the UK, with specific references to the borough of Tower Hamlets. The plan covered the main contextual factors and determinants of the urban health issue, the main implications and public consequences of the issue in both the City of London in general and the UK, and offered an outline for the critique of current interventions to combat the issue. The plan concluded with speculated recommendations and conclusions for the extended essay. Introduction: Where 10,000 of the UK’s homeless population can be found in London (Story, Murad, Roberts, Verheyen & Hayward, 2007), mental health issues have been established as prevalent among the homeless in specific urban areas in the city of London. The borough of Tower Hamlets has been identified as an area of historic and ongoing homelessness as it is a highly deprived area of East London. Deprivation and severe poverty has been identified as one of the most significant determinants of physical and mental health (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). In accord, Tower Hamlets has a soaring prevalence of these determining factors, which encourage the development of mental health problems. Thus, homelessness has been identified as a significant aspect of poor mental health in this borough (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). It has been suggested that mental health issues may actually be a leading factor in the onset of homelessness, where the stresse s of homelessness further exacerbate existing psychological issues. Rationale: Epidemiological data shows that common mental health problems such as anxiety and depression have been found to be over twice as high, and psychosis has been found to be fifty to one hundred times more prevalent in the homeless (Bassuk, Rubin & Lauriat, 1986). A local audit in East London has shown that serious mental illness is more prevalent in the black rather than the white population (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). The prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse has been found to be widespread within the homeless community (Fazel, Khosla, Doll, Geddes, 2008) thus the essay will aim to shed light upon this aspect of substance abuse as the largest contributing factor to homelessness. The essay will also aim to provide further insight to how the statistics were found to be markedly higher in the borough of Tower Hamlets than the proportion across other London boroughs all together (alcohol 26%, drugs 36%) (NHS Tower Hamlets, 2011). Furthermore, the gender, ethnicit y and age aspect of homelessness will be discussed, as there are marked differences between genders and races in regard to the issues faced in homelessness. For example, single men between the ages of 25-44 have been identified as the most common demographic group associated with homelessness (Hwang, 2001), yet children have also been found at a high risk of facing homelessness, accompanied by a high risk of developing mental health issues (Tischler, Vostanis, Bellerby & Cumella, 2002). The situation for those living rough is intensified when substance misuse is co-morbidly present with existing mental health problems (Rees, 2009). In accord, the essay aims to discuss how the borough of Tower Hamlets has been identified as having the highest mental health needs in the UK, with over 45% of the population of the borough claiming incapacity benefit due to their ill mental health. Furthermore, certain groups such as rough sleepers, domestic violence victims, sex workers and ex offenders are at a higher risk of homelessness and 70% of these individuals will be likely to have a mental health condition (Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement, 2013). As the literature confirms that mental illness is a significant urban health issue among the population of Tower Hamlet accompanied by crucial repercussions such as homelessness, the essay will aim to highlight the ways in which this issue relates to the London borough of Tower Hamlets. Urban Context and Determinants: The literature surrounding homelessness and mental health indicates that factors in the urban context play a major role in the development of this urban health issue. The essay will endeavour to discuss determinants such as poverty, exclusion, attainment and wellbeing, which all hold significant implications for homelessness (Frankish, Hwang & Quantz, 2005). Long term unemployment and overcrowded households have played a major role in the development of mental illnesses, and have even lead to homelessness (NHS Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). Additional factors such as difficulties in maintaining secure and good quality accommodation due to mental illness will also be discussed in the essay as contributors to homelessness (Breaky, 1992). Moreover, light will also be shed on recent changes to government policy, such as reforms in welfare support and social housing, the recession, and government cuts to public services in the UK, and their impact on those who were mos t vulnerable to homelessness. Individuals with mental health problems have inevitably faced considerable difficulties due to these changes such as understanding when they need to claim the benefits, how the new benefits work, and uncertainty about how the changes will affect their circumstances. In some cases, individuals may also face difficulty getting access to, and using a computer to claim their benefits online (Crisis & MORI, 2002). These issues highlight the high risk of the mentally ill facing homelessness due to financial hardship, and provide an explanation to why there is mental illness among the homeless. Due to the fact that registration to a GP generally requires proof of a home address, homeless people are more likely to access healthcare through emergency services (Crisis & MORI, 2002). This poses problems on both the individual and the general population as the individual may not receive the health advice and respect that they deserve for reasons such as the emergen cy department only being intended for emergency health conditions, and due to social stigma around homelessness; such as the homeless may be associated with mental ill health, substance abuse and lack of hygiene (Riley, Harding, Underwood & Carter, 2003). These factors will be discussed as contributors of poor physical and psychological wellbeing which the homeless individual faces when trying to access public health care. Moreover, the waiting time in emergency departments will affect both the individual and the general public as the individual may not want to seek medical help due to long waiting hours and discrimination, and the general public may have to wait longer to be seen for an emergency due to homeless individuals being seen for general health concerns. Another factor that is aimed to be discussed in the essay is the cost of this urban health issue faced by the National health services. Evidence shows that mental illness for the NHS is costly as it is the largest cause of disability in the UK. Social and informal care for the mentally ill is costing ?22.5 billion, where 13.8% of the national budget is spent on mental health (National Mental Health, 2012). Statistics also show that ?77 billion a year was being spent on welfare benefits for mental illnesses in 2009. The impact of these costs on the national economy was damaging, increasing national debts thus affecting the general population through increases in tax, public services, and as previously mentioned, cuts to national healthcare. Therefore these determinants will also be discussed as contributing factors to the urban health issue. Strategies & Interventions for Critique; Speculated Recommendations & Conclusions: The aim of the paper will be to critique strategies such as the Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement 2013 to 2017, the Homelessness Act and other interventions that tackle homelessness and mental illness as separate entities (Crisis, 2009). The recommendations I will make will involve coordinated treatment programs (Coldwell & Bender, 2007) such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), which aim to serve psychiatric outpatients whose mental illness causes serious functioning difficulties in aspects of life including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness, all of which can have an impact on housing status (Dixon, 2000). I expect to conclude that ACT is an effective measure in combating the core issues which lead to and maintain homelessness, and aim to recommend that government funding should be utilised to promote programs such as ACT which will make lasting changes in the homeless community. References Bassuk, E.L., Rubin, L. & Lauriat. A.S. (1986). Characteristics of sheltered homeless families. American Journal of Public Health. 76(9). 1097-1101. Breaky, W.R. (1992). Mental Health Services for Homeless People. pp101-107. Cited in: Homelessness: A National Perspective. Eds. Robertson, M.J. & Greenblatt, M. (1992). Coldwell, C.M. & Bender, W.S. (2007). The Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations With Severe Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 164(3). 393-399. Communities and Local Government. (2009). Rough Sleeping England – Total Street Count. Retrieved from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/roughsleeping2009 Accessed: 17th February 2014 Crisis & MORI. (2002). Critical condition: Homeless people’s access to GPs. London. Dixon, L. (2000). Assertive community treatment: Twenty-five years of cold. Psychiatric Services, 51, 759-765. Fazel, S; Khosla, V; Doll, H; Geddes, J (2008). â€Å"The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis†. PLoS Med 5 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225 Frankish, C.J., Hwang, S.W. & Quantz, D. (2005). Homelessness and Health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2(96). 23-29. Hwang, S.W. (2001). Homelessness and health. CMAJ. 164(2). 229–233. National Mental Health. (2012). Development Unit. Factfile 3. The costs of mental ill health. Retrieved from: http://www.nmhdu.org.uk/silo/files/nmhdu-factfile-3.pdf Accessed: 16th February 2014 NHS Tower Hamlets. (2011). Homelessness: Factsheet. Tower Hamlets Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2010 ­2011 . Retrieved from: http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=f8390127-f61d-491b-8323-cea75d92a228&version=1. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Riley, A.J., Harding, G., Underwood, M.R., Carter, Y.H. (2003). Homelessness: a problem for primary careBritish Journal of General Practice. 473-479. Tischler, V., Vostanis, P., Bellerby, T. & Cumella, S. (2002). Evaluation of a mental health outreach service for homeless families. 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